Risk and Return Analysis

Exercise # 01

Suppose that two investment proposals, X and Z have the following discrete probability distributions of expected cash flows in each of the next 3 years. Each of them requires same amount of investment of Tk 120000.

Which project is more risky? Which project should be accepted and why? Assume 12 percent cost of capital.

Solution

We know that project with more coefficient of variation (CV) is more risky and we should accept lower risky project.  We have to find out the CV as follows:

Let, Cash Flow for X =X   ,  Cash Flow for Y = Y

Probability = P

Here,

Expected value for project – X: ( ) =

Expected value for project – Y: ( ) =

Standard deviation for project X:  s_x =

Standard deviation for project Y:  s_y =

Coefficient of variation for project X:   CV_x =   

Coefficient of variation for project Y:   CV_y =   

Expected value for project X & Y:

Calculation of Standard deviation for project X & Y:

Standard deviation for project X:

s_x =

=

= 11884.86

Standard deviation for project Y:

s_y =

=

= 3888.44

Or,    

Standard deviation for project X:

s_x =

=

=

= 11884.86

Standard deviation for project Y:

s_y =

=

=

= 3888.44

Coefficient of variation for project X:

CV_x =   =  = 28.64%

Coefficient of variation for project Y:

CV_y =   =  = 9%

Comment/Decision:  Since Coefficient of Variation of Project – X (V_x) is greater than Coefficient of Variation of Project – Y (CV_y), so project X is more risky. So we should accept lower risky project X.

Exercise # 02

A project costing Tk 100000 has the following information:

You are required to calculate the expected value, standard deviation and coefficient of variation of the project. You are also required to calculate the NPV of the project assuming 10 percent cost of capital.

Solution

Here,

Expected value (E / ) =

Standard deviation (s) = ,

Project Standard deviation (s) =

Coefficient of variation (CV) =

Net present value (NPV) =  – Project cost

The Expected values of periods 1, 2 and 3:

E₁ =

= (30000 × 0.10) + (40000 × 0.25) + (50000 × 0.30) + (60000 × 0.25) + (70000 × 0.10)

= Tk 50000   [Ans.]

E₂ =

= (20000 × 0.10) + (30000 × 0.25) + (40000 × 0.30) + (50000 × 0.25) + (60000 × 0.10)

= Tk 40000   [Ans.]

E₃ =

= (20000 × 0.10) + (30000 × 0.25) + (40000 × 0.30) + (50000 × 0.25) + (60000 × 0.10)

= Tk 40000   [Ans.]

Net present value (NPV):

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 108565 – 100000

= Tk 8565   [Ans.]

Standard deviations of periods 1, 2 and 3:

s₁ =

=

=

= Tk 11402 

s₂ =

=

=

= Tk 11402 

s₃ =

=

=

= Tk 11402 

Standard deviation of the project:

s =

=

=

=

= Tk 16420

Coefficient of variation (CV) of the project:

CV =   = = 191.71%

Exercise # 03

Ali & Sons Industries has constructed a table, shown below that gives expected cash inflows and certainty equivalent factors for these cash inflows. These measures are for a new machine with a 5-year life that requires an initial investment of Tk 95000. The firm has a 15% cost of capital, and the risk-free rate is 10%.

(A)  What is the net present value (ignoring risk)?

(B)  What is the certainty equivalent net present value?

(C)  Should the firm accept the project? Explain.

(D)  Management has some doubts about the estimate of the certainty equivalent factor for year 5. There is some evidence that it may not be any lower than that for year 4. What impact might this have on the decision you recommended in C? Explain.

Solution

Requirement (A):

Calculation of Net Present Value (NPV) ignoring risk:

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 117325 – 95000

= Tk 22325   [Ans.]

Requirement (B):

Calculation of Certainty Equivalent Net Present Value (NPV):

NPV =  – Project cost

=      Here,  CCF =  Certain Cash Flow

=             = CF ´ Certainty Equivalent Factor

= 89426 – 95000

= – Tk 5574  [Ans.]

Requirement (C):

Since NPV is negative, so the project should not be accepted. Because in this case the project bears a loss of Tk 5574.

Requirement (D):

In this case, the calculation of certainty equivalent factory of year 5 should be revised to reinsure the NPV. It may occur that the NPV would be positive and the investing decision may be changed.

Exercise # 04

A manufacturing company is considering investing in either of two mutually exclusive projects, X and Y. The firm has a 14% cost of capital, and the risk-free rate is currently 9%. The initial investment, expected cash inflows, and certainty equivalent factors associated with each of the projects are shown in the following table:

(A)  Calculate the net present value (unadjusted for risk) for each project. Which is preferred using this measure?

(B)  Calculate the certainty equivalent net present value for each project. Which is preferred using this risk-adjustment technique?

(C)  Compare and discuss your findings in A and B. Which, if either, of the projects do you recommend? Explain.

Solution

Requirement (A):

Calculation of Net Present Value (NPV) ignoring risk (unadjusted for risk):

For Project X:

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 49069 – 40000

= Tk 9069   [Ans.]

For Project Y:

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 63940 – 56000

= Tk 7940   [Ans.]

Comment: Since NPV (Project X) > NPV (Project Y), project X should be preferred.

Requirement (B):

Calculation of Certainty Equivalent Net Present Value (NPV):

For Project X:

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 38989 – 40000

= – Tk 1011   [Ans.]

For Project Y:

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 62749 – 56000

= Tk 6749  [Ans.]

Comment: Since certainty equivalent NPV of Project Y is positive, so project Y should be preferred.

Requirement (C):

Comment: Under NPV of unadjusted risk, Project X should be preferred, but under NPV of certainty equivalent, Project Y should be preferred. We know, risk adjusted project is better than risk unadjusted project. That’s why Project Y should be preferred finally.

Exercise # 05

Considering investment in one of three mutually exclusive projects X, Y, and Z. The firm’s cost of capital, R, is 15%, and the risk-free RF, is 10%. The firm has gathered the following basic cash flow and risk index data for each project.

(A)  Find the net present value (NPV) of each project using the firm’s cost of capital. Which project is preferred in this situation?

(B)  The firm uses the following equation to determine the risk-adjusted discount rate, RADR, for each project:

R = R_F + (R_m – R_F)b

Where,

R_F = risk-free rate of return

b = risk index of the project

R_m = cost of capital of the market

(C)  Use the risk adjusted discount rate for each project to determine its risk-adjusted NPV. Which projects is preferable in this situation?

(D)  Compare and discuss your findings in A and C. Which project do you recommend?

Solution

Requirement (A):

Calculation of Net Present Value (NPV) ignoring risk (unadjusted for risk):

For Project X:

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 17136 – 15000

= Tk 2136   [Ans.]

For Project Y:

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 12678 – 11000

= Tk 1678   [Ans.]

For Project Z:

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 20144 – 19000

= Tk 1144   [Ans.]

Comment: Since NPV (Project X) > NPV (Project Y) > NPV (Project Z), project X should be preferred.

Requirement (B):

Calculation of Risk Adjusted Discount Rate (RADR):

For Project X:

RADR = R_F + (R_m – R_F)b

= 10% + (15% – 10%)1.8

= 10% + 5% × 1.8

= 10% + 9%

= 19%   [Ans.]

For Project Y:

RADR = R_F + (R_m – R_F)b

= 10% + (15% – 10%)1.2

= 16%   [Ans.]

For Project Z:

RADR = R_F + (R_m – R_F)b

= 10% + (15% – 10%)0.8

= 14%   [Ans.]

Requirement (C):

Calculation of Net Present Value (NPV) (adjusted for risk):

For Project X:

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 15828 – 15000

= Tk 828   [Ans.]

For Project Y:

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 12453 – 11000

= Tk 1453   [Ans.]

For Project Z:

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 20630 – 19000

= Tk 1630   [Ans.]

Comment: Since NPV (Project Z) > NPV (Project Y) > NPV (Project X), project Z should be preferred.

Requirement (D):

Comment: Under NPV of unadjusted risk, Project X should be preferred, but under NPV of adjusted risk, Project Z should be preferred. We know, risk adjusted project is better than risk unadjusted project. That’s why Project Z should be preferred finally.

Exercise # 06:

A company is considering two mutually exclusive investments. The company wishes to use two different evaluation methods – certainty equivalents and risk-adjusted rate of return – in its analysis. Cost of capital is 12% and the current risk-free rate of return is 7%. Cash flows associated with the two projects are as follows:

(A) Use a certainty equivalent approach to calculate the net present value of each project given the following certainty equivalent factors:

(B)  Use a risk-adjusted rate of return approach to calculate the net present value of each project given that project X has a RADR factor of 1.20 and project Y has a RADR factor of 1.40.

(C) Explain why the results of the two approaches may differ from one another. Which project would you choose? Justify your choice.

Solution

Requirement (A):

Calculation of Certainty Equivalent Net Present Value (NPV):

For Project X:

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 92422 – 70000

= Tk 22422   [Ans.]

For Project Y:

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 99129 – 70000

= Tk 21129   [Ans.]

Comment: NPV (Project X) > NPV (Project Y), project X should be preferred.

Requirement (B):

Calculation of Risk Adjusted Discount Rate (RADR):

For Project X:

RADR = R_F + (R_m – R_F)b

= 7% + (12% – 7%)1.2

= 7% + 5% × 1.2

= 7% + 6%

= 13%   [Ans.]

For Project Y:

RADR = R_F + (R_m – R_F)b

= 7% + (12% – 7%)1.4

= 14%   [Ans.]

Calculation of Net Present Value (NPV) (adjusted for risk):

For Project X:

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 89234 – 70000

= Tk 19234   [Ans.]

For Project Y:

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 96806 – 78000

= Tk 18806   [Ans.]

Comment: Since NPV (Project X) > NPV (Project Y), project X should be preferred.

Requirement (D):

Comment: Since under both approaches, NPV (Project X) > NPV (Project Y), so project X should be preferred finally.

Exercise # 07

The market portfolio has an expected return of 18 percent and standard deviation of 30 percent. The standard deviation of Beximco Pharmaceutical Ltd.’s stocks is 25 percent and its correlation coefficient with the market portfolio is 60 percent.

(A)  What is the beta of Beximco Pharmaceuticals?

(B)  What would be happen to the beta if standard deviation were 40 percent? If the correlation coefficient were 75 percent?

(C)  Of the total variance of the stock in the original example, what portion is accounted for by systematic risk? By unsystematic risk?

(D)  What, in general, would happen to the total variance of a portfolio if a portion of the stock were sold and the proceeds were invested to unrelated stocks having the same beta?

Solution

Requirement (A):

Given    The market portfolio expected return, E(r) = 18 percent

Standard deviation of market portfolio, s_m = 30 percent

Standard deviation of Beximco, s_B = 25 percent

Correlation coefficient with market portfolio, r = 0.60

Requirement: Beta of Beximco (b_B) = ?

Beta of Beximco (b_B) = = = 0.50   [Ans.]

Requirement (B):

Given   Standard deviation of market portfolio, s_m = 40 percent

Standard deviation of Beximco, s_B = 25 percent

Correlation coefficient with market portfolio, r = 0.75

Requirement: Beta of Beximco (b_B) = ?

Beta of Beximco (b_B) = = = 0.47   [Ans.]

Requirement (C):

According to Markowitz, no portion is eliminated under systematic risk and the entire portion can be eliminated under unsystematic risk.

Requirement (D):

Under same beta, total variance remains same in the market portfolio.

Exercise # 08

The common stocks of Bata Shoe Ltd and Apex Footwere Ltd have expected returns of 15 percent and 20 percent respectively, while the standard deviations are 20 percent and 50 percent respectively. The correlation coefficient between the two stocks is 46 percent. What is the expected value of return and standard deviation of a portfolio consisting of (i) 40 percent and 60 percent and (ii) 50 percent and 50 percent respectively?

Solution

Requirement (A):

Given     E(r)_Bata = 15 percent, E(r)_Apex = 20 percent,

s_Bata = 20 percent, s_Apex = 50 percent,

Correlation coefficient, r = 0.46

Requirements: (a) Portfolio (Combined) expected return, E(r_p) = ?

                          (b) Portfolio (Combined) standard deviation, s_p = ?

(i) When weights are 40%:60%: 

(a) E(r_p) = W_Bata ´ E(r)_Bata + W_Apex ´ E(r)_Apex

= 0.40 ´ 0.15 + 0.60 ´ 0.20

= 0.18

= 18%   [Ans.]

(b)   s_p  =

=

= 0.3442

= 34.42%   [Ans.]

(ii) When weights are 50%:50%: 

(a) E(r_p) = W_Bata ´ E(r)_Bata + W_Apex ´ E(r)_Apex

= 0.50 ´ 0.15 + 0.50 ´ 0.20

= 0.175

= 17.5%   [Ans.]

(b)   s_p  =

=

= 0.309

= 30.9%   [Ans.]

Exercise # 09

Securities A, B, and C have the following characteristics with respect to expected return, standard deviation, and correlation between them:

What is the expected value of return and standard deviation of a portfolio comprised of (i) equal investments in each and (ii) 40%, 40% and 20% respectively.

Solution

(i) When weights are 1:1:1 

(a) E(r_p) = W_A ´ E(r)_A + W_B ´ E(r)_B + W_C ´ E(r)_C

= (1/3)(0.10) + (1/3)(0.15) + (1/3)(0.14)

= 13%   [Ans.]

(b)   s_p  =

=

= 8.67%   [Ans.]

(ii) When weights are 40:40:20 

(a) E(r_p) = W_A ´ E(r)_A + W_B ´ E(r)_B + W_C ´ E(r)_C

= (0.40)(0.10) + (0.40)(0.15) + (0.20)(0.14)

= 12.8%   [Ans.]

(b)   s_p  =

=

= 8.32%   [Ans.]

Exercise # 10

The securities of company A and B have the following expected returns and standard deviations. The correlation between the two stocks is 0.35.

(A)   Compute the risk and return for the following portfolios:

(i)       70 percent A, 30 percent B.

(ii)     30 percent A, 70 percent B.

(iii)    50 percent A, 50 percent B.

(iv)   80 percent B, 20 percent A.

(v)     60 percent A, 40 percent B.

(vi)   60 percent B, 40 percent A.

(vii)  75 percent A, 25 percent B.

(B)    Which of these portfolios is optimum? Why? Show in a graph.

(C)    Suppose that the investor could borrow or lend at 8 percent. How would this affect your graph.

Solution

Requirement (A):

Given     R_A = .16, R_B = .12,

s_A = .20, s_B = .15,

Correlation coefficient, r = 0.35

Requirements: (a) Portfolio (Combined) expected return, R_p = ?

                          (b) Portfolio (Combined) standard deviation, s_p = ?

(i) When weights are 70%:30% 

(a) E(r_p) = W_A ´ R_A + W_B ´ R_B

= 0.70 ´ 0.16 + 0.30 ´ 0.12

= 14.8%   [Ans.]

(b)   s_p  =

=

= 16.14%   [Ans.]

(ii) When weights are 30%:70% 

(a) E(r_p) = W_A ´ R_A + W_B ´ R_B

= 0.30 ´ 0.16 + 0.70 ´ 0.12

= 13.2%   [Ans.]

(b)   s_p  =

=

= 13.80%   [Ans.]

(iii) When weights are 50%:50% 

(a) E(r_p) = W_A ´ R_A + W_B ´ R_B

= 0.50 ´ 0.16 + 0.50 ´ 0.12

= 14%   [Ans.]

(b)   s_p  =

=

= 14.45%   [Ans.]

(iv) When weights are 20%:80% 

(a) E(r_p) = W_A ´ R_A + W_B ´ R_B

= 0.20 ´ 0.16 + 0.80 ´ 0.12

= 12.8%   [Ans.]

(b)   s_p  =

=

= 13.91%   [Ans.]

(v) When weights are 60%:40% 

(a) E(r_p) = W_A ´ R_A + W_B ´ R_B

= 0.60 ´ 0.16 + 0.40 ´ 0.12

= 14.4%   [Ans.]

(b)   s_p  =

=

= 15.18%   [Ans.]

(vi) When weights are 40%:60% 

(a) E(r_p) = W_A ´ R_A + W_B ´ R_B

= 0.40 ´ 0.16 + 0.60 ´ 0.12

= 13.6%   [Ans.]

(b)   s_p  =

=

= 13.98%   [Ans.]

(vii) When weights are 75%:25% 

(a) E(r_p) = W_A ´ R_A + W_B ´ R_B

= 0.75 ´ 0.16 + 0.25 ´ 0.12

= 15%   [Ans.]

(b)   s_p  =

=

= 16.69%   [Ans.]

Requirement (B):

Comment: Since portfolio (iv) has the highest expected rate of return, so it is the optimum market portfolio.

Requirement (C):

Comment: When the investment requires a cost of capital 8 percent, then the net return affected by cost and standard deviation of market portfolio.

Exercise # 11

The following portfolios are available in the market. In the context of the capital asset pricing model what is the expected return of security A if it has the following characteristics and if the following information holds for the market portfolio?

Standard deviation of Security A                      .30

Standard deviation of market portfolio             .20

Expected return of market portfolio                   .15

Correlation between possible returns of

Security A and the market portfolio             .75

Risk free return                                                     .09

(A)   What would happen to the required return if the standard deviation of security A were higher?

(B)  What would happen if the correlation were less or more?

(C)    What is the functional relationship between the required return for a security and market risk?

Solution

Given    Standard deviation of Security A (s_A)               .30

Standard deviation of market portfolio (s_m)    .20

Expected return of market portfolio   (r_m)          .15

Correlation between possible returns of

Security A and the market portfolio (r)        .75

Risk free return (r_f)                                               .09

Requirement: Expected rate of return (r_e) = ?

Here,  beta of A (b_A) = = = 1.125   [Ans.]

Under capital asset pricing model (CAPM):

Expected rate of return (r_e) = r_f + (r_m – r_f) b

= 0.09 + (0.15 – 0.09)1.125

= 15.75%   [Ans.]

Requirement (A):

When the standard deviation of security A were higher, then the required return would be higher.

Requirement (B):

When the correlation were less, then the required return would be lower, and when the correlation were more, then the required return would be higher.

Requirement (C):

The required return for a security and market risk are related by beta.

Exercise # 12

At present, suppose the risk-free rate is 12 percent and the expected return on the market portfolio is 16 percent. The expected return for four stocks are listed together with their expected beta.

(A)   On the basis of these expectations, which stocks are overvalued?

(B)    If the risk-free rate were to rise to 13 percent and the expected return on the market portfolio rose to 18 percent, which stocks would be overvalued? Which would be undervalued?

Solution

Requirement (A):

Given    Risk free return (r_f)                                 .12

Expected return of market portfolio   (r_m)          .16

Requirement: Required rate of return (r_e) = ?

For Stock A:

Required rate of return (r_e) = r_f + (r_m – r_f) b

= 0.12 + (0.16 – 0.12)1.35

= 17.4%

Since required return (17.4%) < expected return (18%), the stock A is undervalued.

For Stock B:

Required rate of return (r_e) = r_f + (r_m – r_f) b

= 0.12 + (0.16 – 0.12)0.85

= 15.4%

Since required return (15.4%) > expected return (15%), the stock A is overvalued.

For Stock C:

Required rate of return (r_e) = r_f + (r_m – r_f) b

= 0.12 + (0.16 – 0.12)1.2

= 16.8%

Since required return (16.8%) > expected return (16%), the stock A is overvalued.

For Stock D:

Required rate of return (r_e) = r_f + (r_m – r_f) b

= 0.12 + (0.16 – 0.12)1.75

= 19%

Since required return (19%) < expected return (20%), the stock A is undervalued.

Requirement (B):

Given    Risk free return (r_f)                                 .13

Expected return of market portfolio   (r_m)          .18

Requirement: Required rate of return (r_e) = ?

For Stock A:

Required rate of return (r_e) = r_f + (r_m – r_f) b

= 0.13 + (0.18 – 0.13)1.35

= 19.75%

Since required return (19.75%) > expected return (18%), the stock A is overvalued.

For Stock B:

Required rate of return (r_e) = r_f + (r_m – r_f) b

= 0.13 + (0.18 – 0.13)0.85

= 17.25%

Since required return (17.25%) > expected return (15%), the stock A is overvalued.

For Stock C:

Required rate of return (r_e) = r_f + (r_m – r_f) b

= 0.13 + (0.18 – 0.13)1.2

= 19%

Since required return (19%) > expected return (16%), the stock A is overvalued.

For Stock D:

Required rate of return (r_e) = r_f + (r_m – r_f) b

= 0.13 + (0.18 – 0.13)1.75

= 21.75%

Since required return (21.75%) > expected return (20%), the stock A is overvalued.

Exercise # 13

Assuming that you are able to both borrow and lend at the risk free rate of 10 percent. The market portfolio of securities has an expected return of 15 percent and a standard deviation of 28 percent. Determine the expected return and standard deviation of the following portfolios:

(A)   All fund is invested in the risk free asset.

(B)    One-third is invested in the risk free asset and two-third in the market portfolio.

(C)    All fund is invested in the market portfolio. Additionally you borrow an additional one-third of your wealth to invest in the market portfolio.

Solution

Given     R_f = .10, R_m = .15,

s_A = 0, s_m = .28,

Correlation coefficient, r = 0

Requirements: (i) Portfolio (Combined) expected return, R_p = ?

                          (ii) Portfolio (Combined) standard deviation, s_p = ?

(A) When weights are 1:0 

(i) E(r_p) = W_r ´ R_f + W_m ´ R_m

= 1 ´ 0.10 + 0 ´ 0.15

= 10%   [Ans.]

(ii)   s_p  =

=

= 0%   [Ans.]

(B) When weights are 1/3:2/3 

(i) E(r_p) = W_r ´ R_f + W_m ´ R_m

= 1/3 ´ 0.10 + 2/3 ´ 0.15

= 13.33%   [Ans.]

(ii)   s_p  =

=

= 18.67%   [Ans.]

(C) When weights are 0:(1+1/3) = 0:4/3 

(i) E(r_p) = W_r ´ R_f + W_m ´ R_m

= 0 ´ 0.10 + 4/3 ´ 0.15

= 20%   [Ans.]

(ii)   s_p  =

=

= 37.33%   [Ans.]

Exercise # 14

Maq Enterprises has a beta of 1.25, the risk free rate is 9 percent and the expected return on the market portfolio is 15 percent. The company presently pays a dividend of Tk 20 per share and investors expect to experience a growth in dividends of 10 percent per annum for many years to come.

(A)   What is the stock’s required rate of return according to the CAPM?

(B)    What is the stock’s present market price per share, assuming this required return?

Solution

Given    Risk free return (r_f)                                 .09

Expected return of market portfolio   (r_m)          .16

Beta (b)                                                              1.25

Dividend (D)                                                        20

Growth (g)                                                           .10

Requirements: (A) Required rate of return (r_e) = ?

            (B) Market price of share (P_o) = ?

Requirement (A):

Required rate of return (r_e) = r_f + (r_m – r_f) b

= 0.09 + (0.16 – 0.09)1.25

= 17.75%   [Ans.]

Requirement (A):

Market price of share (P_o) =  = = Tk 258   [Ans.]

Exercise # 15

A food manufacturing company would like to add a new product D. The expected value and standard deviation of the probability distribution of possible net present value for the product are Tk 120000 and Tk 90000 respectively. The company’s existing products A, B, and C. The expected values of net present value and standard deviation for these products are:

The correlation coefficients between products are:

You are required to:

(A)    Compute the expected value and the standard deviation of the possible net present values for a combination of existing products.

(B)     Compute the expected value and the standard deviation for a combination of existing products plus product D. Compare your results in parts (a) and (b). What can you say about the new product?

Solution

Requirement (A):

(i) Expected value of the project is:

E =

= (160000 × 1) + (200000 × 1) + (100000 × 1)

= Tk 460000   [Ans.]

(ii) Standard deviation of the project is:

s =

=

=

= Tk 65596  [Ans]

Requirement (B):

(i) Expected value of the project is:

E =

= (160000 × 1) + (200000 × 1) + (100000 × 1) + (120000 × 1)

= Tk 580000   [Ans.]

(ii) Standard deviation of the project is:

s =

=

=

= Tk 89897  [Ans]

Comment:  New product provides higher expected value and higher standard deviation.

Exercise # 16

From the following data calculate the (i) Standard deviation, (ii) Coefficient of variation and (iii) Covariance between the two stocks.

You are required to calculate the portfolio risk assuming equal investment in two stocks.

Solution

Requirement (A):

Given

(i) Standard deviation for stock A:

s_A =

=

= 0.0583

Standard deviation for stock B:

s_B =

=

= 0.0576

(ii) Coefficient of variation for stock A:

CV_A =   =  = 145.75%

Coefficient of variation for stock A:

CV_B =   =  = 137%

(iii) Covariance of two stocks A and B:

Cov_AB =

=

= 0.003

Requirement (B):

(i) Portfolio risk for stock A:

Portfolio risk (b_A) =   =  = 0.88

(ii) Portfolio risk for stock B:

Portfolio risk (b_B) =   =  = 0.90

Exercise # 17

Refer to the following information of returns for stocks A, B, and C.

(A)   Compute the expected returns of each stock.

(B)    Compute the standard deviation of return for each stock.

(C)    Compute the covariance between returns on each pair of stock.

(D)    If the return on stock B turns out to be greater than expected, would you expect the return on stock C to be greater or lesser than expected?

Solution

Requirement (A):

(i) Expected value for stock A:

E =

= (.10 × .25) + (-.05 × .25) + (.20 × .25) + (.10 × .25)

= 0.0875  

= 8.75%   [Ans.]

(ii) Expected value for stock B:

E =

= (.15 × .25) + (.04 × .25) + (.25 × .25) + (.05 × .25)

= 12.25%   [Ans.]

(iii) Expected value for stock C:

E =

= (-.05 × .25) + (.10 × .25) + (-.15 × .25) + (.05 × .25)

= – 1.25%   [Ans.]

Requirement (B):

(i) Standard deviation for stock A:

s_A =

=

= 0.0699

= 6.99%   [Ans.]

(ii) Standard deviation for stock B:

s_B =

=

= 8.53%   [Ans.]

(iii) Standard deviation for stock C:

s_C =

=

= 9.60%   [Ans.]

Requirement (C):

(i) Covariance of two stocks A and B:

Cov_AB =

= (.10 – .0875)(.15 – .1225).25 + (– .05 – .0875)(.04 – .1225).25

+ (.20 – .0875)(.25 – .1225).25 + (.10 – .0875)(.05 – .1225).25

           = 0.00628   [Ans.]

(ii) Covariance of two stocks B and C:

Cov_BC =

= (.15 – .1225)( – .05 + .0125).25 + (.04 – .1225)(.10 + .0125).25

+ (.25 – .1225)(– .15 + .0125).25 + (.05 – .1225)(.05 + .0125).25

           = – 0.00809   [Ans.]

(iii) Covariance of two stocks A and C:

Cov_AC =

= (.10 – .0875)( – .05 + .0125).25 + (– .05 – .0875)(.10 + .0125).25

+ (.20 – .0875)(– .15 + .0125).25 + (.10 – .0875)(.05 + .0125).25

           = – 0.00766   [Ans.]

Requirement (D):

Comment:  Since all three stocks equal probability, we would expect the return on stock C to be greater or lesser than expected.

Exercise # 18 Refer to the following observations for stock Y and the market portfolio (M).

(A)   Compute the sample mean return for Y and M.

(B)    Compute the sample standard deviations for Y and M.

(C)    Compute the sample covariance between returns for Y and M.

(D)    Compute the sample beta factor of stock Y.

(E)     Compute the sample correlation coefficient between the returns of Y and M.

Solution

Requirement (A):

(i) Sample mean for Y:

E =

=

= .105   [Ans.]

(ii) Sample mean for M:

E =

=

= .07   [Ans.]

Requirement (B):

(i) Sample standard deviation for Y:

s_Y =

=

= 0.0252

(ii) Sample standard deviation for M:

s_M =

=

= 0.0529

Requirement (C):

Covariance of two Y and M:

Cov_YM =

            =

            = – 0.0011   [Ans.]

Requirement (D):

Sample beta factor for stock Y:

b_Y =   =  = – 1.73 [Ans.]

Requirement (E):

Sample correlation coefficient between the returns of Y and M:

r_YM =   =  = – 0.83 [Ans.]

Exercise # 19

Suppose you purchase Tk 10000 of stock A, Tk 5000 of stock B and borrow Tk 5000. Build up your portfolio and also compute the variance and expected return of the portfolio given the following additional information.

The correlation of A with B is .75. Borrowing takes place at a riskfree interest rate of .08.

Solution

Given     s_A² = .25, s_B² = .49,

s_A = Ö.25 = 0.5, s_B = Ö.49 = .7,

R_A = .12, R_B = .18,

Correlation coefficient, r = 0.75

Borrowing = 5000, borrowing cost = 0.08

Requirements: (a) Portfolio (Combined) expected return, R_p = ?

                          (b) Portfolio (Combined) standard deviation, s_p = ?

                          (c) Portfolio (Combined) variance, s_p = ?

(a) E(r_p) = W_A ´ R_A + W_B ´ R_B

= 0.67 ´ 0.12 + 0.33 ´ 0.18

= 13.98%   [Ans.]

(b)   s_p  =

=

= 53.07%   [Ans.]

(c)   s_p²  =

= (53.07%)²

= 28.17%   [Ans.]

Comment: When the investment requires a cost of capital 8 percent, then the net return affected by cost and standard deviation of market portfolio.

Exercise # 20

Assume the following information:

A portfolio is formed as follows: Sell short Tk 20000 of stock 1 and buy Tk 30000 of stock 2, Tk 80000 of stock 3, and Tk 30000 of stock 4. The cash provided by the owner of the portfolio is Tk 20000 and any additional funds required to finance the portfolio are borrowed at a risk-free interest rate of 8 percent. There are no restrictions on the use of short sale proceeds.

(A)   Compute the portfolio weights for each component of the portfolio.

(B)    Compute the expected return of the portfolio.

(C)    Compute the standard deviation of the portfolio.

Solution

Requirement (A):

W₁ = 20000/160000 = 0.1250

W₂ = 30000/160000 = 0.1875

W₃ = 80000/160000 = 0.5000

W₄ = 30000/160000 = 0.1875

Requirement (B):

E(r_p) = W₁ ´ R₁ + W₂ ´ R₂ + W₃ ´ R₃ + W₄ ´ R₄

= 0.1250 ´ 0.05 + 0.1875 ´ 0.10 + 0.5 ´ 0.20 + 0.1875 ´ 0.15

= 15.31%   [Ans.]

Requirement (C):

s_p =

=

= 17.5%   [Ans.]

Exercise # 21

The following information is available regarding expected net cash inflows and their probability distribution of project costing Tk 12000. Assuming 10% discounting rate, calculate net present value, standard deviation and coefficient of variation.

Solution

The Expected values of years 1, 2 and 3:

E₁ =

= (4000 × .25) + (5000 × .50) + (9000 × .25)

= Tk 5750

E₂ =

= (3000 × .50) + (6000 × .25) + (8000 × .25)

= Tk 5000 

E₃ =

= (5000 × .25) + (7000 × .25) + (5000 × .50)

= Tk 5500

Net present value (NPV):

NPV =  – Project cost

=

=

= 13492 – 12000

= Tk 1492   [Ans.]

Standard deviations of years 1, 2 and 3 :

s₁ =

=

= Tk 1920

s₂ =

=

= Tk 2121

s₃ =

=

= Tk 866

Standard deviation of the project:

s =

=

=

= Tk 2558  [Ans.]

Coefficient of variation (CV) of the project is:

CV =   = = 171.45%

Exercise # 22

After a careful evaluation of investment alternatives and opportunities, Masters School Supplies has developed a CAPM-type relationship linking a risk index to the return (RADR) as shown in the following table.

The firm is faced with two mutually exclusive projects, A and B. The following are the data the firm has been able to gather about the projects:

All the firm’s cash inflows have already been adjusted for taxes.

(A)   Evaluate the projects using certainty equivalents.

(B)    Evaluate the projects using risk-adjusted discount rates.

(C)    Discuss your findings in (A) and (B), and explain why the two approaches are alternative techniques for considering risk in capital budgeting.

Solution

Requirement (A):

Calculation of Certainty Equivalent Net Present Value (NPV) for A:

NPV =  – Project cost (A)

=

=

= 25392 – 20000

= Tk 5392  [Ans.]

Calculation of Certainty Equivalent Net Present Value (NPV) for B:

NPV =  – Project cost (B)

=

=

= 30731 – 30000

= Tk 731  [Ans.]

Comment: Since NPV(A) > NPV(B), so project A should be accepted.

Requirement (B):

Calculation of Risk Adjusted Discount Rate (RADR):

For Project A:

RADR = R_F + (R_m – R_F)b

= 7% + (11% – 7%)0.8

= 10.2%   [Ans.]

For Project B:

RADR = R_F + (R_m – R_F)b

= 7% + (14% – 7%)1.4

= 16.8%   [Ans.]

Calculation of Net Present Value (NPV) (adjusted for risk):

For Project A:

NPV =  – Project cost (A)

=

=

= 26400 – 20000

= Tk 6400   [Ans.]

For Project B:

NPV =  – Project cost (B)

=

=

= 32141 – 30000

= Tk 2141   [Ans.]

Comment: Since NPV(A) > NPV(B), so project A should be accepted.

Requirement (C):

Our findings (A) and (B), both indicate that project A is fruitful. But both approaches are alternative techniques for considering different type of risks.